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Image of the wire-mesh sensor mounted in the test section along with details of a special flange to allow for high-speed camera measurements.
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In this paper, a novel wire-mesh sensor based on permittivity (capacitance) measurements is applied to generate images of the phase fraction distribution and investigate the flow of viscous oil and water in a horizontal pipe. Phase fraction values were calculated from the raw data delivered by the wire-mesh sensor using different mixture permittivi...
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... high-speed camera (NanoSense MKIII, Dantec Dynamics) is also employed to investigate the flow at the position where the mesh sensor is installed. For this purpose a special flange was constructed which allows for the visualization of the flow very close to the mesh sensor, as depicted in figure 2. In this way, only a small segment of the pipe (corresponding to the wire- mesh sensor) is hidden from the camera's field of view. ...
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Citations
... Wire-Wire-mesh sensor (WMS) is a device used for invasive imaging of vertical and horizontal flows of liquids and gases [1,2]. It does not require complicated software reconstruction. ...
... That is the cause of a very high speed of operation, depending to the greatest extent on the conversion time of the analogto-digital converter used. The device consists of two parts: the wire-mesh acquisition module and the wire-mesh sensor [2,3]. The device enables testing of multiphase flows and the classic testing of air bubbles, which are usually performed in air-lift reactors [4]. ...
Wire-mesh sensor (WMS, mesh sensor) is a device for invasive imaging of vertical and horizontal flows of liquids and gases. Visualisation of the measurement results does not require any complicated software reconstruction. The device consists of two parts: the wire-mesh acquisition module and the wire-mesh sensor. The device allows for testing of multiphase flows as well as air bubbles in air-lift reactors. The sensors are also suitable for testing various types of surface flows and the movement of bulk materials along the bottom of a pipeline. This paper describes the goals and results of construction of the system for flow analysis based on a wire-mesh sensor.
... The parallel model (linear relationship) has been employed in most of the works found in the literature on capacitance WMS. However, the use of different models might improve the average phase fraction estimation in some specific flow conditions [26]: Maxwell-Garnett model for dispersed oil in water; logarithmic model for combined flow regimes, e.g. dispersed oil in water with continuous oil-water interfaces flowing at the same time. ...
A new wire-mesh sensor model based on electric field and circuit simulations is presented. In our approach, the excitation and amplification stages of the capacitance WMS are created as macromodels and coupled to the electrodes of a 3D geometry of the sensor. Thus, the effects caused by nonideal characteristics of the amplifiers are considered (e.g. finite open-loop gain and bandwidth). In order to evaluate the performance of the model, a static validation based on phantom measurement was performed. The phantoms were created with paraffin to emulate typical flow regimes, i.e. annular, slug and bubble flow. A mapping containing the position and the electrical properties of the patterns was obtained by image processing and incorporated to the field simulation. Hence the numerical simulations could be directly compared to the experimental data. The results show that coupling the external circuits to the capacitance WMS model is crucial to provide reliable synthetic data.
... Based on conductivity WMS, capacitance WMS has also been widely used in the field of multiphase flow, which weakens the electrical limit of multiphase flow, that is, conductivity WMS is selected for the high conductivity fluid medium. For non-conductive fluid medium, the capacitive WMS is selected, which uses the dielectric constant characteristics of the fluid medium to collect electrical signals and conduct data processing and imaging [23][24][25]. ...
... In order to deal with the above-mentioned indetermination and flow regime dependence, many researchers have applied mixture models based on different assumptions, for instance the parallel model [41], the expanded Maxwell-Model for three phase [27] and more recently the Maxwell model for air-water flows [42]. ...
Three-phase gas-oil-water flow is an important type of flow present in petroleum extraction and processing. This paper reports a novel threshold-based method to visualize and estimate the cross-sectional phase fraction of gas-oil-water mixtures. A 16x16 dual-modality wire-mesh sensor (WMS) was employed to simultaneously determine the conductive and capacitive components of the impedance of fluid. Then, both electrical parameters are used to classify readings of WMS into either pure substance (gas, oil or water) or two-phase oil-water mixtures (foam is neglected in this work). Since the wire-mesh sensor interrogates small regions of the flow domain, we assume that the three-phase mixture can be segmented according to the spatial sensor resolution (typically 2-3 mm). Hence, the proposed method simplifies a complex three-phase system in several segments of single or two-phase mixtures. In addition to flow visualization, the novel approach can also be applied to estimate quantitative volume fractions of flowing gas-oil-water mixtures. The proposed method was tested in a horizontal air-oil-water flow loop in different flow conditions. Experimental results suggest that the threshold-based method is able to capture transient three-phase flows with high temporal and spatial resolution even in the presence of water-oil dispersion regardless of the continuous phase.
... In these applications, the intrusive structures inside the investigated pipe/vessel are usually not absolutely unacceptable. In fact, there are many intrusive multiphase flow meters and tomographic sensors that have intrusive parts, e.g., the V-cone two-phase flow meter [32], wire-mesh tomography sensor [33], [34], conductance probe [35] and fibre probe sensor [36]. ...
The electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) technique has been extensively studied for real-time tomographic imaging of various industrial processes. Due to the ‘soft-fieldߣ and under-determined problems in the image reconstruction, the tomographic images of ECT are usually low in the spatial resolution when compared with its radioactive counterparts, i.e. r-ray tomography and computed tomography. This paper presents an ECT sensor that consists of 8 external electrodes and 8 internal electrodes, with enhanced image quality at the center of imaging region and better accuracy on phase fraction measurement. The internal electrodes are placed on cross planes inside the investigated vessel. In this way, the signal-to-noise ratio of measurement channels as well as image quality are improved. Numerical simulations show that the proposed sensor can achieve better reconstructed images than a conventional 12-electrode sensor. In addition, the phase fraction calculation using ECT data can also benefit from the internal electrodes and corresponding measurements, which is an important parameter for multiphase flow processes.
... Systems containing two liquids with distinct permittivity flowing through a pipe is commonly observed in the process facilities of various industries, namely petroleum industries, oil industries etc. [1][2]. Hence, monitoring over these facilities require reconstruction techniques to image the disposition of the materials inside the pipe [3][4][5]. Therefore, several imaging methods have been employed in the past [6][7][8]. Among those, electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), which deals with reconstruction of permittivity distribution from capacitance data, stands out as being the one with a fast and simple design and reallife monitoring capability [9][10]. ...
... Imaging techniques have been developed by several researchers using electrical impedance methods. Wiremesh sensors are used in laboratories to study the spatial distribution of phase fractions [11]. Tomographic measurement systems using Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT), Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) or Electrical Impedance Tomography are getting more matured for field use however they still are largely laboratory measurement techniques [12]. ...
Multiphase Flow Meters (MPFM) are increasingly being used for both
subsea and offshore applications. They are gaining acceptance due to the
benefits they bring over test separators, production control and flow
assurance to name a few. Multiphase Flow Meters commonly use the
measurement of mixture density or electrical permittivity of the
produced mixture for estimation of phase fractions [1]. Water cut meter
is often part of multiphase flow meters for measurement of water content
in the multiphase mixtures. There are standalone water cut meters
utilized in the oil and gas production. In this chapter, water cut
measurement technologies and methods are discussed and their gaps
identified. Microwave based water cut measurement is then described in
greater detail along with key academic and industrial research trends.
... Besides, the wire capacitance sensors indicated a good performance in the cross-correlation velocity measurement of horizontal oil-water two-phase flows [17]. Note that a capacitance wire-mesh sensor was proposed by Da Silva et al. to measure the phase fraction distributions in a flow cross-section [18], [19]. Additionally, Liu et al. [20] investigated the water-cut measurement characteristics of the coaxial capacitance sensor in vertical oil-water two-phase flow, and analyzed the sensor responses in oil-in-water bubbly flow with high flow rates. ...
... This technique has also the potential to investigate other three-phase systems, such as gas-solid-liquid mixtures, as commonly found in chemical reactors. Using an intrusive sensor, this technique does not belong to classical tomographic imaging techniques, but nonetheless, due to its simplicity, good spatial and superior temporal resolution, it has been extensively applied to visualize and measure phase fraction distribution in a number of applications: gas-liquid flows in pipes [32][33][34][35][36], liquid-liquid flow [37], gas-liquid-liquid [38] and flow in trickle bed reactors [39,40], just to mention a few. ...
Wire-mesh sensors have so far been widely applied in gas-liquid flows where resistance or capacitance distributions are measured and converted into gas or liquid holdup distributions. In this work we report on the qualification of the wire-mesh imaging technique for the measurement of cross-sectional solid concentrations in solid-liquid mixtures. As the dielectric constants of solid particles are different from those of gas, water or oil in the flow, measuring this property can be used as an indication of solid distribution. Experiments were performed in a stirred tank of 100 mm diameter equipped with a capacitance wire-mesh sensor. The wire-mesh sensor was operated at an acquisition speed of 4000 frames per second and has a spatial resolution of 6.25 mm. As solids we used silica sand particles (diameter ∼250 μm) which were suspended in water in a volume concentration range of 1% to 35% to form slurries. By varying the stirring speed, different solid concentration distributions were produced and investigated. In order to convert the measured relative permittivity distribution into a solid concentration distribution, an empirical approach was employed.
... These virtual wire crossings are defined as the crossing points. The number of the crossing points in a WMS device vary from 8 Â 8 wires [18,22,9] to 64 Â 64 wires [17,21]. The measurement of the phase distributions are conducted at these crossing points by measuring the electrical conductivity or permittivity depending on the physical properties of the fluids. ...
... In the literature, there are many experimental studies employing WMS on various flow configurations with pipe inclinations ranging from horizontal to vertical including upward and downward orientations [1,11,2,4,5,8,9,16,18,[20][21][22]24,[28][29][30][31]12,13]. Observed flow patterns in these studies are stratified, annular, slug, churn and bubbly flow. ...
... Moreover, WMS is shown to be applicable to flow conditions with high temperature and pressure conditions up to 286°C and 7 MPa, respectively [17,21]. While most of the WMS applications are for gas/liquid flows, the measurements are conducted for liquid/liquid two-phase flows [9] and gas/liquid/liquid three-phase flows [10] as well. ...
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